MARIPOSAS de BOLIVIA
Enero - Febrero 2012
first update d. 6
november 2015
Last update d. 8
september 2023
Redactor: Lars
Andersen
Longwing, Heliconiini species (Swainson, 1822)
Enero - Febrero 2005 - 12 sitio 71
Introduction
The tribe Heliconiini, colloquially known as Longwings,
includes 71 species, all confined exclusively to
the neotropics (from southern Florida, Texas,
Mexico, Central America pass through the Amazon
to Paraguay and northern Argentina).
The Heliconiini includes the genera Heliconius, Podotricha, Dryas, Agraulis, Dione, Dryadula, Eueides, Neruda, Laparus and Philaethria.
All Heliconius species have elongated black
wings, marked with simple but striking patterns
usually featuring streaks or patches of red and
cream, or blue and cream. A few, such as Heliconius
sara, antiochus and wallacei have a metallic blue sheen over
the basal area of both wings. All are
characterised by their delicate fluttering flight,
long straight antennae, and fondness for flowers.
The 39 Heliconius species are much studied by
geneticists and taxonomists. Many of them produce
a staggering variety of colour forms - Heliconius
erato e.g.
produces no less than 29 geographical forms, each
of which corresponds almost exactly in colour and
pattern to a 'sister' subspecies of Heliconius
melpomene flying
in the same area.
______________________
Introduktion
Underfamilie
Heliconiinae, famlien Nymphalidae, også kendt som Langvinger, omfatter 72 arter, alle
geografisk udbredt i Neotroperne fra Florida,
Texas, Mexico til Amazonas og det nordlige
Argentina og Paraguay. Underfamilie Heliconiinae (som udover tribe Heliconiini, Langvinger også rummer tribe Argynnini, Perlemorsommerfugle med 120 arter udbredt overalt fra
polar til tropisk klima undtagen på Antarktisk).
Langvinger, Heliconiini omfatter slægterne Heliconius, Podotricha, Dryas, Agraulis, Dione, Dryadula, Eueides, Neruda, Laparus og Philaethria.
Alle Heliconius arter har aflange sorte vinger,
mærket med enkle, iøjnefaldende mønstre med
striber eller pletter af rød og lysegul, eller
blå og creme. Enkelte arter som Heliconius
sara, H. antiochos og H. wallacei har metallisk blå skær
over det basale område på begge vinger.
Alle
Langvinger er kendetegnet ved deres sarte
flagrende flugt, lange lige antenner, og
forkærlighed til blomster.
De 39 Heliconius arter er blandt genetikere og
taksonomer de mest undersøgte sommerfugle fra
troperne. Mange af arter findes i en svimlende
bred vifte af farver & former - Heliconius
erato f.eks
findes der ikke mindre end 29 geografiske- eller
klimaformer, der hver især svarer næsten
præcis i farve og mønster til en "søster"
underart af Heliconius melpomene der flyver i samme område.
|
Sara Longwing, Heliconius
sara. Coroico elevation 1900 m. 6 february 2012. Photographer; Lars Andersen
Variations
There are often striking
differences between the different forms of each
species, as can be seen in the illustrations here.
In some subspecies of Heliconius
erato the cream
patch on the forewing is reduced to a group of
dashes in the shape of a claw. In others it is
replaced by a pair of large orange patches or may
even be entirely absent. The basal area of the
forewings is usually red, but may be unmarked in
some races.
The hindwing markings may
be red, orange or cream, either in the form of
radiating lines, or as a solid median band.
Perhaps the most dramatic
variety is H. cyrbia, which has a lurid pink band
across the forewings, white submarginal rays on
the hindwings, and a beautiful metallic blue
sheen across the entire wing surface.
________________________________
Variationer
Der er ofte
markante forskelle i mellem de forskellige former
hos hver art. Hos Heliconius erato forskellige underarter er den
beigefarvet plet i ydrefelt på forvinge overside
reduceret til en gruppe streger i form af en klo.
På andre underarter er det erstattes af et par
store orangerøde pletter i ydre og inderfelt,
eller måske mangler pletter helt. Rodfelt på
forvinge er normalt rød eller med røde striber,
men kan være helt mørk/sort.
På bagvinge
overside som er sort, kan pletter eller bånd
være rød, orange eller beigefarvet, enten i
form af udstrålende linjer eller som et bånd
igennem ydrefelt.
Måske den
mest dramatiske form findes hos arten H. cyrbia, som har lyserøde bånd på
tværs af forvinge, hvide submarginal stråler
på bagvinge, samt et smuk metallisk blåt skær
over hele overside.
|
________________________________
Common Longwing, Heliconius
erato venustus
(Salvin, 1871) female with pollen on proboscis. Coroico, Yungas, elev. 1300 m. 9th February 2012. Photographer; Lars Andersen
Common Longwing, Heliconius
erato
Common Longwing, Heliconius
erato (Linnaeus,
1758) is probably the commonest and most
widespread Heliconiini. It's 29 subspecies are
distributed across the neotropical region from
southern Texas, Mexico to Brazil, Bolivia,
Paraguay and Missiones in northern Argentina.
The
illustrated subspecies venustus (Salvin, 1871) is found
in cloud forest in the Andes eastern mountain
range of Yungas, northern Bolivia, elevation 1000
to 18oo m.
Subspecies
luscombei (Lamas, 1976) is
confined to the Amazonian lowlands of south-eastern
Peru, while microclea (Kaye, 1907) is
restricted to mid-elevation sites in central Peru,
and petiverana (E. Doubleday, 1847) is
Central American subspecies.
________________________________
Almindelig Langvinge, Heliconius
erato
Almindelig Langvinge, Heliconius erato (Linnaeus, 1758) er nok den mest almindeligste og
udbredte blandt Langvinger, Heliconiini.
Heliconius erato er delt op i 29 forskellige
underarter, som er udbredt på tværs af
neotropical regionen fra Mexico til Brasilien,
Bolivia, Paraguay og Missiones i det nordlige
Argentina.
Den viste
underart venustus (Salvin, 1871) findes i tågeskovene i Yungas,
Bolivia i 1000 til 1800 m.h.
Underarten luscombei (Lamas, 1976) findes i Amazonas lavland i det
sydøstlige Peru, mens microclea (Kaye, 1907) findes i tågeskovene i 1000 til
2000 m.h. i det centrale Peru, og petiverana (E. Doubleday, 1847) findes udbredt i det sydøstlig
Texas, det østlige Mexico til Panama.
|
Common Longwing sitting on a dead Opossum. Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia d. 7 February
2009. Photographer; Lars Andersen
Habitats
This species occurs
commonly at elevations between 0-1800m on both
sides of the Andes. It can be seen flying in two's
or three's around clearings, and along roads and
tracks through primary forest. It is commoner
however in secondary forest, and can be found
flying in coffee plantations, gardens, orchards
and along roadsides and forest edges.
In regions where
seasonality is pronounced, it is common in forest
/ pasture mosaics during the rainy season, but
abandons these in favour of more heavily forested
areas in the dry season.
________________________________
Levesteder
Denne art optræder
almindeligvis i højder mellem 0-1800m på begge
sider af Andesbjergene. Den optræder enkeltvis a
2 til 3 stk. omkring i lysninger, og langs veje
og spor gennem primære skov. Den er mest
almindelig i sekundær skov, og kan findes flyve
i kaffeplantager, haver, frugtplantager og langs
vejkanter og skovbryn.
I regioner hvor
sæsonudsving er udtalt, er den almindelig i skov
med græs mosaikker i regntiden, men opgiver
disse til fordel for mere tæt skov i den tørre
årstid.
|
________________________________
Common Longwing, Heliconius
erato mating on chrysalis. Coroico
elevation 1300 m. 19 january 2012. Photographer; Lars Andersen
Lifecycle
The eggs are are round,
slightly elongated with ribs and flat top, yellow,
and placed individually on the leaf tips of Purple Passion, Passiflora menispermifolia and Orange-Petaled Passion, P. oerstedii.
When the caterpillars are
fully grown they are white, dotted with black and
have branched black spines on the back and sides.
The head is straw coloured with a pair of
recurved black spines. The caterpillars are
aggressively cannibalistic.
The chrysalis is brown
with golden spots on the abdomen and thorax. It
has short black spikes on the abdomen and along
the costa of the wing cases. The head is bifid,
with the labial palpi extended and twisted. The
overall impression is of a decaying dead twisted
leaf, hanging from a stem.
On the
island of Trinidae, the Common Longwing, Heliconius erato life cycle from eggs is added to
the newly hatched butterfly 22 days.
________________________________
Livscyklus
Æggene er gule, og
lægges enkeltvis på Lilla
Passionsblomst, Passiflora menispermifolia & P. oerstedii blade.
Når larven er fuldt
udvokset, er de hvide med sorte prikker og har
forgrenet sorte pigge på overside og siden af de
rudimentære segmenter (kropsled). Hovedet er
stråfarvet med et par tilbagebøjede sorte pigge.
Larver er aggressivt kannibalistisk.
Puppen er brun med gyldne
pletter på maven og brystkassen. Den har korte
sorte pigge på maven og langs krop og vingeskede.
Hovedet har lange palpeskeder der er udvidet og
snoet. Den ligner et rådnende snoet dødt blad,
hængende fra en stilk.
På øen Trinidae varer
Common Longwing livscyklus fra æg er lagt til
nyklækket sommerfugl 22 dage.
|
Common Longwing
Lifecycle from December 22, 2019 to January 12, 2020
by Tubas Løkkegaard
d. 14 januar 2020
Red Postman or Common Longwing, Heliconius erato ssp. adana (J. Turner, 1967) Trinidad dec. 22, 2019 -
jan. 12, 2020.
Photographer; Tubas Løkkegaard
Tubas
Løkkegaard; I found
an egg on December 22, 2019 which hatched, and could follow
the larva's development. However, we had to make
a trip to St.Vincent, and only when we got home
did I see that it had pupated. The wing was
clearly visible so it would probably hatch soon,
and already the next morning on January 12, 2020, it hung under the empty skin.
Then it flew on a window pane. Unfortunately, it
then disappeared.
From eggs to freshly hatched butterfly, 22 days
went by.Tubas Løkkegaard; Jeg fik fundet et æg d. 22 december
2019, som klækkede,
og kunne følge larvens udvikling. Vi måtte dog
en tur til St.Vincent, og først da vi kom hjem,
så jeg at den havde forpuppet sig. Vingen sås
tydeligt, så den ville nok klække snart, og
allerede næste morgen d. 12 januar 2020 hang den under den tomme hud.
Derefter fløj den på en vinduesrude. Desværre
forsvandt den derefter.
Fra æg til nyklækket sommerfugl gik der 22 dage.
|
Common Longwing, Heliconius erato ssp. adana (J. Turner, 1967). Trinidad january 12, 2020. Photographer; Tubas Løkkegaard
From mail Jan. 13, 2020:
Tubas
Løkkegaard; A lot of
time has been spent on stacking and setting up
with wooden blocks, clothespins, reflectors,
among other things. of kitchen roll.
It has been fun. And it has been fun to follow
from egg to image. The larva was on a wild
passion flower.Fra
mail jan.
13, 2020:
Tubas
Løkkegaard; Der er
brugt meget tid på stacking, og opstilling med
træklodser, tøjklemmer, reflektorer bl.a. af
køkkenrulle.
Det har været sjovt. Og det har været sjovt at
følge fra æg til imago. Larven var på en vild
passionsblomst.
|
________________________________
Postman, Heliconius
melpomene penelope sitting on Psiguria
flowers. |
Coroico,
Yungas, Bolivia d. 23 januar 2006. Photographer; Lars
Andersen |
Wallace's Longwing, Heliconius wallacei. Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia 8 January 2010. Photographer; Lars Andersen
Tiger Mimic Longwing, Heliconius
numata
sitting on Red-Sage, Lantana
camara
flowers. |
Caranavi,
Yungas, Bolivia d. 23 January 2010. Photographer;
Lars Andersen |
________________________________
Gulf Fritllary, Agraulis vanillae laying eggs on Passiflora. Coroico, Yungas, Bolivia d. 23 january
2007. Photographer; Lars Andersen
Adult behaviour
Heliconius butterflies are characterised by
having a very delicate fluttering flight,
particularly when hovering around flowers. They
visit Hamelia, Lantana and Palicourea flowers for nectar.
Unlike other butterflies,
Heliconius females feed on pollen as well as
nectar. Studies of Heliconius ethilla have shown that females deprived
of pollen can only produce about 15% of the
number of eggs laid by females that have access
to it. This probably applies equally to other Heliconius species including Postman, H. melpomene. The pollen from Psiguria, Anguria and Gurania flowers provides amino acids that
can't be obtained from nectar or other sources,
and contributes greatly to the longevity of the
butterflies - some Heliconius species are known to live for up
to 9 months as adults.
Studies have shown that Heliconius butterflies have home ranges
within which they can memorise the locations of
nectar and pollen sources, host plants and
communal roosting sites. They are able to plan
the most efficient route by which to visit all
nectar / pollen sources in the vicinity by using
simple calculations akin to what mathematicians
call the "travelling salesman algorithm".
Erlich & Gilbert demonstrated that individual
butterflies memorise the location of particular Psiguria plants, which they visit daily,
following a predefined circuit through the forest.
In the genus Heliconius most species rely entirely on
airborne chemicals to locate mates. Males of Heliconius
hecale, H. ismenius and H. cydno are attracted by pheromones to
the pupae of conspecific females. The day before
emergence a female pupa will usually have several
males in close attendance. A frantic battle takes
place the instant she hatches, as the males all
struggle to copulate with her, not even allowing
her time to expand and dry her wings. In some
other Heliconius species such as H. hecalesia, H. hewitsoni, H. erato, H. charithonia and H. sara the males don't even wait until
the female emerges. Instead they physically break
open her pupa and copulate as soon as her
genitalia are accessible.
Besides Heliconius males visits flowers, visiting
also sandy banks along small streams, where they
suck for minerals. They're also sucking on dead
small mammals, as well as road kill.
________________________________
|
Telesiphe Longwing, Heliconius telesiphe on Heliotropium flowers. Coroico 1300 m.h. d. 14 february
2012. Photographer; Lars Andersen
Adfærd
Heliconius
sommerfugle er karakteriseret ved at have en
meget følsom flagrende flugt, især når de
flyver omkring blomster. De søger især nektar
på Hamelia, Lantana og Palicourea blomster. I
modsætning til andre sommerfugle, lever
Heliconius hunner af pollen udover nektar.
Undersøgelser har vist, at hunner frataget
pollen kun kan producere ca. 15% af æg de normal
lægger.
De
udskiller pollen fra Psiguria, Anguria og Gurania blomster i regnskoven,
pollen indsamlet fra blomsterne, behandles af
hunnerne til at udvinde aminosyrer, som øger
levetiden og sætte dem i stand til at producere
æg i op til 9 måneder.
Undersøgelser
har vist, at Heliconius sommerfugle kan huske ruter i
tidsbegrænsede intervaller, inden for hvilke de
kan huske de placeringer af nektar og pollen
kilder, værtsplanter og fælles rastepladser. De
er i stand til at planlægge den mest effektive
rute, for at besøge alle nektar / pollenkilder i
nærheden ved hjælp af enkle beregninger
beslægtet med, hvad matematikere kalder "rejsende
sælger algoritme".
Forskerne Erlich & Gilbert undersøgelser viser at de
enkelte sommerfugle kan huske blomstrene Psiguria planter placering, som de
besøger dagligt, efter en foruddefineret rute
gennem skoven.
I slægten Heliconius vil de fleste arter udelukkende
forlade sig på luftbårne kemikalier for at
lokalisere artsfæller. Hos Heliconius
hecale, H. ismenius og H. cydno hanner er tiltrukket af feromoner
til uklækkede hun pupper. Dagen før puppen
klækker, vil flere hanner søge puppe i tæt
fremmøde. En hektisk kamp finder sted i det
øjeblik, hun klækker, da alle hannerne kæmper
for at parre sig med hende, de tillader hende
ikke engang tid til at udvide og tørre sine
vinger. Hos nogle arter som Heliconius
hecalesia, H. hewitsoni, H. erato, H. charithonia og H. sara vil hannerne ikke engang vente
til hun klækker. De vil i stedet fysisk åbne
hendes puppe og parre, så snart hendes
genitalier er tilgængelige.
Heliconius hanner besøger udover blomster,
sandbanker langs små vandløb, hvor de suger
mineraler. De sidder også og suger på døde
små pattedyr, samt roadkill.
|
Heliconius
erato adults
roost gregariously overnight, hanging in clusters
of up to 10 from dry stems, usually quite close
to the ground. ________________________________
Heliconius erato imago overnatter flere sammen op
til 10 stk. hængende i små klynger på tørre
stængler, normalt ganske tæt på jorden.
|
________________________________
Purple Passion, Passiflora
menispermifolia.
Rio Zongo, Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia d. 26 january
2008. Photographer; Lars Andersen
Passiflora, known also as the passion
flowers or passion vines, is a genus of about 500
species of flowering plants, the namesakes of the
family Passifloraceae. They
are mostly vines, with some being shrubs, and a
few species being herbaceous.
Passion fruit is a 4-6
centimeters round fruit. The shell is waxy and
play in beautiful brown violet and green colors.
The jelly-like flesh inside is filled with tiny
black seeds.
________________________________
Passiflora, også kendt som Passionsblomst, er en slægt af omkring 500
arter af blomstrende planter, familien Passifloraceae.
De er for
det meste kravlende slyngplanter, med nogle
bliver buske, og nogle få arter er urteagtige.
Pasionsfrugt
er en 4-6 centimer rund frugt. Skallen er
voksagtig og spiller i kønne brunviolette og
grønne farver. Det geleagtige frugtkød indeni
er fyldt med små sorte frø.
|
Passionfruit or Maracuja, Passiflora edulis. Coroico. Yungas, Bolivia 20 january 2005. Photographer; Lars Andersen
________________________________
Maybe a Melinaea
marsaeus (Hewitson, 1860), or Melinaea
isocomma (W. Forbes, 1948)?
Rio Tunki 1161 m., Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia d. 13 january
2020.
Photographer; Nikolaj Kleissl
ID
by Renato
Mattei?
________________________________
Mazaeus
Tigerwing,
Mechanitis mazaeus holmgreni
(Bryk, 1953)
|
Masaeus
Tigerwing,
Melinaea marsaeus
(Hewitson, 1860) |
Tiger
Mimic Longwing,
Heliconius numata mirus
(Weymer,
1894) |
Black
Mimic Swallowtail,
Pterourus bachus chrysomelus
(Rothschild
& Jordan, 1906) |
Tribe Ithomiini,
subfamily: Danainae, family Nymphalidae. |
Tribe Ithomiini,
subfamily: Danainae, family Nymphalidae. |
Tribe Helconiini, subfamily: Heliconiinae, family Nymphalidae. |
Tribe Papilionini, subfamily: Papilioninae, family Papilioidae. |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia
d. 26 January 2010.
Photographer;
Lars Andersen |
Rio Tunki,
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia d. 13
january 2020.
Photographer; Nikolaj Kleissl |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia
d. 30 January 2007.
Photographer;
Lars Andersen |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia
d. 11 january 2005.
Photographer;
Lars Andersen |
Mimicry
Heliconius butterflies have been a subject
of many studies, due partly to their abundance
and the relative ease of breeding them under
laboratory conditions, but also because of the
extensive mimicry that occurs in this group. From
the nineteenth century to the present-day, their
study has helped scientists to understand how new
species are formed and why nature is so diverse.
In particular, the genus is suitable for the
study of both Batesian mimicry and Müllerian
mimicry.
Mimicry, a generic
imitation of one or more other species building
features, coloration and sometimes behavior and
fragrances.
The term is used most
frequently on systems where the models are
poisonous or otherwise dangerous: Nontoxic
species some protection against predators who
have learned to recognize and avoid the venomous
species (Bates's mimicry, after the English naturalist and
explorer Henry Walter Bates, 1825-1892) and toxic species reach among
themselves to predators quickly learn to
recognize them than if the toxic species were
taught separately (Müller mimicry, after the German zoologist Fritz Müller, 1821-97).
Because of the type of
plant material that Heliconius caterpillars favor and the
resulting poisons they store in their tissues,
the adult butterflies are usually unpalatable to
predators.
This warning is announced,
to the mutual benefit of both parties, by bright
colors and contrasting wing patterns, a
phenomenon known as aposematism. Heliconius butterflies are thus Müllerian
mimics of one another, and are also involved in
Müllerian mimicry with various species of Ithomiini, Danaini, Riodinidae (Ithomeis and Stalachtis) and Acraeini as well as Pericopine
Arctiid moths.
They are probably the models for various
palatable Batesian mimics, including Black
Mimic Swallowtail, Pterourus bachus and various Phyciodina.
One may wonder how
animals that mimic other animals at all has
occurred. The answer is evolution. Animals are
changing from generation to generation, like all
other living animals. These changes are usually
so small that they are difficult to observe, but
they can completely change the appearance and
behavior of the animals for periods of over
thousands or millions of years. This constant
development called evolution.
________________________________
|
Common
Postman. Heliconius melpomene ssp. amandus (Grose-Smith
& W. F. Kirby, 1892). TYPE of Heliconius
penelope ab. penelopeia (Staudinger,
1897, emend.).
From Monte pelado Villa cascada RN 3 . On our way back to
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia d. 17 december 2019. Photographer; Peter Møllman.
ID
by Gottfried
Siebel
________________________________
Cattleheart
White, Archonias brassolis
cutila
(Fruhstorfer, 1907). |
Common
Longwing, Heliconius
erato venustus (Salvin, 1871) |
Hewitson's
Mimic, Eresia datis corybassa (Hewitson, 1874) |
Mimic
Tiger-Moths, Chetone
phyleis (Druce,
1885) |
Tribe
Pierini, subfamily: Pierinae, family Pieridae. |
Tribe Helconiini, subfamily: Heliconiinae, family Nymphalidae. |
Tribe
Melitaeini, subfamily Nymphalinae, family Nymphalidae. |
Tribe
Pericopini, subfamily: Arctiinae, family Erebidae. |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia
d. 30 january 2006. Photographer; Lars
Andersen |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia
d. 12 january 2005. Photographer; Lars
Andersen |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia
d. 9 february 2007. Photographer; Lars
Andersen |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia
d. 6 february 2007. Photographer; Lars
Andersen |
|
Mimicry
Ordet
"mimicry" betyder, at noget kopieres
så nøjagtigt så muligt. Når man taler om dyr,
beskriver det en lighed mellem to dyr, som ikke
er i nær familie. Der findes forskellige former
for mimicry.
Mimicry,
en arts efterligning af en eller flere andre
arters bygningstræk, farvetegning, samt
bevægelser (mimik), adfærd og duftstoffer.
Betegnelsen benyttes hyppigst om systemer, hvor
modellerne er giftige eller på anden måde
farlige: Ugiftige arter opnår en vis beskyttelse
mod rovdyr, der har lært at genkende og undgå
de giftige arter (Bates' mimicry, efter Henry Walter Bates, 1825-1892 ), og giftige
arter opnår indbyrdes, at rovdyr hurtigere
lærer at genkende dem, end hvis de giftige arter
skulle indlæres hver for sig (Müllers mimicry, efter den tyske
zoolog Fritz Müller, 1821-97).
Heliconius sommerfugle har været genstand
for mange undersøgelser, dels på grund deres
store variationer i udseende og det er relativt
nemt at opdrætte dem under laboratorieforhold,
men også på grund af den omfattende mimicry,
der opstår i denne gruppe. Fra det nittende
århundrede til i dag, har undersøgelser i denne
gruppe af sommerfugle hjulpet forskerne til at
forstå, hvordan nye arter dannes og hvorfor
naturen er så forskelligartet. Især slægten Heliconius er egnet til undersøgelse af
både Batesian mimicry og Müllerske mimicry.
Stærke farver bruges
ikke altid til at imponere med. Nogle dyr bruger
stærke farver som et advarselssignal. Det
gælder bl.a. stærke farver som rød, gul eller
orange i kombination med sort i div. mønstre.
Disse farver sender et signal til rovdyrene om,
at "jeg er giftig og smager ikke godt".
Sommerfuglene får giften
ved at larverne lever på planter som er giftige.
Giften koncentreres i sommerfuglelarverne og gør,
at den færdigudviklede sommerfugl også er
giftig.
|
Cattleheart
White, Archonias brassolis
cutila
(Fruhstorfer, 1907). |
Hewitson's
Mimic, Eresia datis corybassa (Hewitson, 1874) |
Postman, Heliconius
melpomene penelope (Staudinger, 1894). |
Common
Longwing, Heliconius
erato venustus (Salvin, 1871) . |
Tribe
Pierini, subfamily: Pierinae, family Pieridae. |
Tribe
Melitaeini, subfamily Nymphalinae, family Nymphalidae. |
Tribe Helconiini, subfamily: Heliconiinae, family Nymphalidae. |
Tribe Helconiini, subfamily: Heliconiinae, family Nymphalidae. |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia
d. 30 january 2006. Photographer; Lars
Andersen |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia
d. 1 february 2008. Photographer; Lars
Andersen |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia
d. 29 january 2008. Photographer; Lars
Andersen |
Coroico, Yungas, elev.
1300 m. 9th February 2012. Photographer; Lars
Andersen |
|
Heliconius sommerfugle er således
Müllerske mimisk efterligner af hinanden, og er
også involveret i Müllerske efterligning med
forskellige arter som ikke er nært beslægtede
bruger samme farver - de har lavet en "forsvarsklub".
Hvor diverse sommerfugle som Ithomiini, Danaini, Riodinidae (Ithomeis og Stalachtis) samt Acraeini & Pericopine
arctiid møl. Heliconius sommerfugle er også modeller for
forskellige velsmagende Batesian minicry/efterlignere
(mimikere), herunder Black Mimic Swallowtail,
Pterourus bachus (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865)
og forskellige Phyciodina dagsommerfugle i tribe
Melitaeini.
De forskellige
sommerfugle arter signalerer, at de er giftige
ved at have advarselsfarver som rød og gul
kombineret med sort. Hvis disse sommerfugle arter
så meget forskellige ud, ville det være svært
for rovdyr at lære at holde sig fra netop disse
sommerfugle. Ved at anvende samme farver og
mønster opnår sommerfuglene en bedre
gennemslagskraft med det advarselssignal, de
sender. Grupper af disse sommerfugle arter
sætter sig til hvile i træer om natten. Denne
bunke af stærke farver skræmmer de fleste
fjender væk. En jæger, som f.eks. en fugl, et
firben eller en abe, skal bare æde én af disse
sommerfugle for at vide, at de smager afskyeligt.
Man kan undre sig over,
hvordan dyr der efterligner andre dyr overhovedet
er opstået. Svaret er evolution. Dyr forandrer
sig fra generation til generation, ligesom alle
andre levende væsener. Disse forandringer er for
det meste så små, at de er svære at observere,
men de kan fuldstændig forandre dyrenes udseende
og adfærd i perioder på over tusinder eller
millioner af år. Denne konstante udvikling
kaldes evolution.
|
Common
Longwing, Heliconius
erato venustus (Salvin, 1871) |
Postman, Heliconius
melpomene penelope (Staudinger, 1894). |
Common
Longwing, Heliconius
erato venustus (Salvin, 1871) |
Common
Longwing, Heliconius
erato venustus (Salvin, 1871) |
Tribe Helconiini, |
Tribe Helconiini, |
Tribe Helconiini, |
Tribe Helconiini, |
subfamily: Heliconiinae, |
subfamily: Heliconiinae, |
subfamily: Heliconiinae, |
subfamily: Heliconiinae, |
family Nymphalidae. |
family Nymphalidae. |
family Nymphalidae. |
family Nymphalidae. |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia d. 12
january 2005.
Photographer; Lars Andersen |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia d. 17
february 2007.
Photographer; Lars Andersen |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia d. 30
january 2007.
Photographer; Lars Andersen |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia d. 31
january 2007.
Photographer; Lars Andersen |
Tiger-Mimic
Swallowtail, Pterourus zagreus
chrysoxanthus (Fruhstorfer, 1915). |
Tropical
Milkweed Butterfly, Lycorea halia pales (C. Felder & R.
Felder, 1862). |
Common
Glassy Tiger, Hypothyris euclea
nina (Haensch,
1905). |
Harmonia
Tiger, Tithorea harmonas (Cramer, 1777). |
Eunice
Crescent, Eresia eunice (Hübner, 1807). |
Tribe Papilionini, |
Tribe
Danaini, |
Tribe
Ithomiini, |
Tribe
Ithomiini, |
Tribe
Melitaeini, |
subfamily: Papilioninae, |
subfamily Danainae, |
subfamily Danainae, |
subfamily Danainae, |
subfamily Nymphalinae, |
family Papilioidae. |
family Nymphalidae. |
family Nymphalidae. |
family Nymphalidae. |
family Nymphalidae. |
Rio Coroico. Yungas, Bolivia d. 8
january 2010.
Photographer; Lars Andersen |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia d. 3
february 2009.
Photographer; Lars Andersen |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia february
2007.
Photographer; Lars Andersen |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia d. 14
februar 2007.
Photograper; Lars Andersen |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia d. 15
february 2008.
Photographer; Lars Andersen |
Golden
Longwing, Heliconius hecale ssp. zeus (Neukirchen,
1995) subfamily: Heliconiinae, Pusiliani, Caranavi, Yungas,
Bolivia d. 6 january 2020. Photographer; Nikolaj Kleissl
________________________________
Tiger
Leafwing, Consul fabius
quadridentatus
(Butler, 1874). Caranavi, Yungas d. 1 february
2006. Photographer; Lars Andersen
Tiger
Leafwing, Consul
fabius som tilhører Charaxinae/Anaeini Underfamile.
Vingeoversiden
er lys orange og sort mønster, med to gule bånd
på tværs af de vinkelformede forvingehjørne,
bagvingerne har haler. Denne sommerfugl er en
mimicry, som på oversiden efterligner Heliconiinae. Og undersiden med de
kryptiske mønstre efterligner et dødt blad.
Æggene lægges på blade af forskellige arter af
Peber, Piperaceae (Anisillo, Piper
tuberculatum, Mexican Pepper Leaf, Piper
auritum,
Cow-foot Leaf, Piper umbellatum, etc.). Er udbredt fra
det sydlige Mexico, Panama, langs Andesbjergenes
østskråninger til Yungas, Bolivia og Amazonas
bassinet til Trinidad. |
________________________________
Julia, Dryas iulia alcionea (Cramer, 1779). Caranavi, elev.
800 m. d. 26 January 2012. Photographer; Lars Andersen
Henry Walter Bates, 1825-1892
Henry Walter Bates was an english naturalist
and explorer who gave the first scientific
account of mimicry in animals. He was most famous
for his expedition to the rainforests of the
Amazon with Alfred Russel Wallace, starting in 1848. Wallace returned in 1852, but lost his collection
on the return voyage when his ship caught fire.
When Bates arrived home in 1859 after a full eleven
years, he had sent back over 14,712 species (mostly
of insects) of which 8,000 were new to science.
Bates wrote up his findings in his best-known
work: "The Naturalist on the River Amazons".
As describes similarities between toxic and
harmless insects that are now described as Bates'
mimicry. The
phenomenon was recognized immediately as a strong
support of Darwin's and Wallace's selection
theories, which was then new.
Batess
discussion of mimicry was unobtrusively buried in
his classic article on the Longwing, Heliconius butterflies of the
Amazon, which were frequently mimicked by
counterfeits so perfect that even Bates was
unable to distinguish them in flight. The Leptalides, Dismorphia butterflies, although
quite different structurally from the Heliconius, are especially
proficient mimics. Other examples abound. In
various parts of the world beetles, spiders,
flies, and grasshoppers mimic ants. While spiders
may have a body configuration resembling that of
ants, other mimics may use optical illusions to
produce the appearance of a narrow antlike waist.
Certain bees on the banks of the Amazon, as Bates
observed, are also mimicked; indeed, many moths
and longicorn beetles in the tropics mimic bees,
wasps, and other hymenopterous insects.
Granted
that mimics are adaptations to their environment,
the important question was why such remarkably
close analogies exist, Bates ruled out direct
action of physical conditions because in limited
districts where these conditions were the same,
the most widely contrasting varieties may be
found co-existing. Likewise, sports (mutations)
did not explain mimicry. To Bates in was quite
clear that natural selection had produced these
phenomena, the selecting agents being
insectivorous animals which gradually destroy
those sports or varieties which are not
sufficiently like [the protected species] to
deceive them. The closer the resemblance of
the mimic to the original, the greater will be
its protection. Imperfect copies will be
eliminated slowly, unless they have some
supplementary protection of their own.
________________________________
Henry Walter Bates, 1825-1892
Henry Walter Bates var en engelsk naturforsker og
opdagelsesrejsende, der lavede den første
videnskabelige undersøgelse af mimicry hos
forskellige dyrearter. Han var mest kendt for sin
ekspedition til regnskovene i Amazonas sammen med
Alfred
Russel Wallace, der
starter i 1848.
Wallace tog tilbage i 1852, men mistede sin samling på
returrejsen, da hans skib brød i brand. Da Bates
kom hjem i 1859
efter en fuld elleve år, havde han sendt over 14,712
arter (hovedsagelig af insekter), hvoraf 8.000
var nye for videnskaben tilbage til England.
Bates skrev sine resultater i hans bedst kendte
værk: "The
Naturalist on the River Amazons" som beskrev lighed mellem giftige
og harmløse insekter, der nu betegnes som Bates'
mimicry. Fænomenet erkendtes straks som en
stærk støtte for Darwins og Wallaces
selektionsteorier, som dengang var nye.
Bates diskussion af
mimicry blev ubemærket begravet i hans klassiske
artikel om Heliconius sommerfugle i Amazonas, som ofte
blev efterlignes af forfalskninger så perfekt,
at selv Bates var ude af stand til at skelne dem
under flyvningen. F.eks. Dismorphia sommerfugle, som er helt
forskellige strukturelt fra Heliconius, er særligt dygtige efterligner
(mimikere). Andre eksempler findes i overflod. I
forskellige dele af verden findes der biller,
edderkopper, fluer, og græshopper der
efterligner myrer. Mens edderkopper kan have et
organ konfiguration ligner den hos myrer, kan
andre efterlignere bruge optiske illusioner til
at producere udseendet af en smal myrerlignende
talje Visse bier på bredden af Amazonas, som
Bates bemærkede, også efterlignede, ja, mange
møl og langhorned biller i troperne efterligne
bier, hvepse, og andre insekter som forskellige
hvepse arter.
Bates konkluderet at det
var helt klart, at naturlig udvælgelse havde
produceret disse fænomener, "de
insektædende dyr, som gradvist udrydder de
dårlige efterlignere som ikke er tilstrækkeligt
lignende de giftige arter, for at bedrage fjender.
Jo tættere ligheden af mimik til den oprindelige,
jo større er dens beskyttelse. Ufuldkomne kopier
vil langsomt blive fjernet, med mindre de har
nogle supplerende beskyttelse teknikker.
|
________________________________
Mimic
Moths, Chetone
species. |
Tribe
Pericopini, subfamily: Arctiinae, family Erebidae. |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia
d. 25 january 2010. Photographer; Lars
Andersen |
|
Fritz Müller, 1821-97
Johann Friedrich Theodor Müller, better
known as Fritz Müller, and
also as Müller-Desterro, was a
German biologist who emigrated to southern Brazil,
where he lived in and near the German community
of Blumenau, Santa Catarina. There he studied the
natural history of the Atlantic forest south of
São Paulo, and was an early advocate of
Darwinism. He lived in Brazil for the rest of his
life. Müllerian mimicry is named
after him.
Müller's great discovery
concerned the resemblance between two or more
unpalatable species which are protected from
predators capable of learning. The protection is
often a noxious chemical, perhaps gained from the
larva eating a particular plant; or it may be a
sting or other defence. It is an advantage for
such potential prey to advertise their status in
a way clearly perceptible to their predators;
this is called aposematic or warning coloration.
The principle is of wide application, but in Müller's case the prey were
butterflies, and the predators usually birds or
reptiles.
The aposematic colours are most
often some combination of red, yellow, black,
white, whereas palatable animals are usually
cryptic. The noxious animals may display by slow
flying, and in general are prominently visible.
Noxious animals usually have thick, leathery
cuticles through which, at certain points, they
extrude noxious fluids when pecked; they will
often survive a 'trial'.
In Müllerian mimicry an advantage
is gained when unpalatable species resemble each
other, especially when the predator has a good
memory for colour (as birds, for instance, do
have). Thus one trial may work to dissuade a bird
from several species of butterfly which all fly
the same 'flag'. Brazilian butterflies provide
some of the most extraordinary examples of
mimicry, and Müller, Bates and Wallace all had
lengthy experience of this. All three traveller-naturalists
believed firmly that such systems of mimicry
could only come about by means of natural
selection, and all of them wrote about it.
________________________________
Fritz Müller, 1821-97
Johann
Friedrich Theodor Müller, bedre kendt som Fritz Müller, og også som Müller-Desterro,
var en tysk biolog, der emigrerede til det
sydlige Brasilien, hvor han boede i og nær den
tyske samfund af Blumenau, Santa Catarina. Der
han studerede naturhistorie i skovene tæt på
Atlanterhavet skoven syd for São Paulo, og var
en tidlig fortaler for "Darwinismen".
Han boede i Brasilien for resten af hans liv. Müllers mimicry er opkaldt efter ham.
Müllers store opdagelse
vedrørte ligheden mellem to eller flere
ubehagelige arter, der er beskyttet mod rovdyr
der evner til at lære ved gentagelser.
Beskyttelsen er ofte en kemisk giftig forsvar,
som div. sommerfugle larver får igennem at spise
en bestemt plante; eller det kan være et stik
eller en anden forsvar. Det er en fordel for en
sådan potentiel bytte at annoncere deres status
på en måde der let at opfatte for deres rovdyr;
dette kaldes aposematic eller advarsel farvning.
Princippet er bredt anvendelige, men i Müller's
undersøgelser var byttet sommerfugle, og rovdyr
normalt fugle eller krybdyr.
De aposematic farver er
oftest en kombination af rød, gul, sort, hvid,
mens velsmagende dyr er normalt kryptisk farvet.
De giftig dyr kan vise ved langsom flyvende, og
de er generelt er fremtrædende synlige. Giftige
dyr har normalt tykke, læderagtige krop og
vinger, hvor de gennem på visse punkter, kan
safte giftige væsker eller dufte, når fugle
eller krybdyr hakker i dem; sommerfugle vil ofte
overleve sådan et "forsøg".
I Müllerian mimicry er
en fordel opnået, når ubehagelige arter ligner
hinanden, især når rovdyr har en god hukommelse
til farve (som fugle, for eksempel, har). Et
forsøg kan således arbejde for at afholde en
fugl fra flere arter af sommerfugle, som alle
flyver med det samme farver og mønstre "flag".
I Brazilien findes der sommerfugle som viser
nogle af de mest usædvanlige eksempler på mimik,
og Müller, Bates og Wallace har alle lang
erfaring med dette. Alle tre rejsende-naturforskere
troede fast på, at sådanne systemer af mimicry
kun kunne ske ved hjælp af naturlig selektion,
og alle drog lignende konklusioner om dette.
|
Here
tree different Heliconiini species; Bottom left on ground a Juno
Longwing, Dione juno (Cramer,
1779),
center, the big orange butterflies are Julia, Dryas
julia alcionea (Cramer, 1779). One
little orange in the middle is Juliette, Euides
aliphera
(Godart, 1819). From the road between Alcoche and
Guarnay, Yungas, Bolivia d. 30
january 2012.
Photographer; Lars Andersen. |
________________________________
Genomisk arkitektur og introgressiv
hybridisering
former sommerfugls udseende
d. 18 december 2019
Julia, Dryas iulia. Botanisk Have
København, Danmark d. 5 november 2019. Fotograf; Lars Andersen
Man kan følge
introgressiv hybridisering hos Longwing, Heliconius underfamilie i Takvinge familie.
Introgression, også kendt som introgressiv
hybridisering, inden for genetik er bevægelse af
et gen fra en art ind i genens pool af en anden
ved gentagen tilbagekrydsning af en interspecifik
hybrid med en af dens overordnede arter.Science 01 Nov 2019: Vol. 366, Issue 6465,
pp. 594-599
Nathaniel B.
Edelman,*, Paul B. Frandsen, Michael Miyagi,
Bernardo Clavijo, John Davey, Rebecca B. Dikow,
James Mallet med flere.
|
Coroico Valley, Yungas, Sitio 70
Enero - Febrero 2012
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Telesiphe
Longwing, Heliconius telesiphe (E. Doubleday, 1847) |
Angle-winged
Telesiphe, Podotricha telesiphe (Hewitson, 1867) |
Tribe Helconiini, subfamily: Heliconiinae, family Nymphalidae. |
Tribe Helconiini, subfamily: Heliconiinae, family Nymphalidae. |
On Gurania spinulosa flowers. The old
railroad / Kori Wayku inca trail, elev. 2000 m.
Yungas, Bolivia d. 23 February 2009. Photographer; Lars
Andersen |
Cloudy mountainforest; The old
railroad / Kori Wayku inca trail, elev. 2000 m.
Yungas, Bolivia d. 24 February 2008. Photographer; Prem Roy |
Coroico elevation 1800 m.h.
Yungas, Bolivia d. 14 february 2012. Photographer; Lars Andersen
________________________________
Gulf
Fritillary,
Agraulis
vanillae .
Coroico, Yungas, Bolivia 11 february 2006 and 19 january 2005. Photographer; Lars Andersen
Gulf
Fritillary or Passion Butterfly, Agraulis vanillae (Linnaeus, 1758) Description: is
orange on the upper side, and frontwing with
three small black spots with white core in
discalcell, and black ribs on the marginal band.
Its the rearwings are buff, with large silvery
spots. Wingspand: medium to large butterfly, with
a wingspan of 60 to 95 mm. Habitats: is commonly seen in
parks and gardens, as well as in open country.
Foodplants and caterpilar:
The larva is a caterpillar which grows to
approximately 4 cm in length. It is bright orange
in color and covered in rows of black spines. The
spines are soft to the touch and do not sting,
but the larva is poisonous if eaten. The larva
feeds exclusively on species of passionflower,
such as Maypop,
Passiflora
incarnata, Yellow
Passionflower, P. lutea, and Running Pop, P. foetida.
Distribution: Its range
extends from Argentina north through Central
America, Mexico, and the Antilles and Bahamas,
Caribbean to the southern United States, as far
north as the San Francisco Bay Area on the west
coast. It is occasionally farther north. In
Yungas, Bolivia flying the ssp. maculosa (Stichel, 1980).
Easy to hold, so it is
often seen in butterfly farms. It is seen in
Nexø, Bornholm, Denmark on Butterfly Bush, Buddleia davidii d. August 8, 2003 by Tom Kristensen Nygaard. It has probably escaped from the
Bornholms Sommerfuglepark in the nearby area?
|
Gulf
Fritillary,
Agraulis
vanillae. Nexø,
Bornholm, Denmark d. 3 august 2003. Photographer; Tom Nygaard
Kristensen
Gulf Fritillary or Passion
Butterfly, Agraulis
vanillae maculosa (Stichel,
1908). |
Hotel Esmeralda, Coroico, Yungas,
Bolivia d. 20 january 2006.
Photographer; Lars Andersen |
|
Passionssommerfugl, Agraulis
vanillae (Linnaeus, 1758) er almindeligt
set i parker og haver, såvel som i det åbne
land i subtropisk til Tropisk klima. Dens
udbredelse strækker sig fra det nordlig
Argentina, langs Andesbjergene og Amazonas i
Sydamerika til Mellemamerika, Mexico og Caribien
til det sydlige USA, så langt nord som San
Francisco Bay Area på vestkysten, og på
østkysten op til New York. Den er
set længere nordpå i Canada på træk i Aweme,
Manitoba (Brooks, 1942) og i Shilo, Manitoba, set
af George Holland den 10. juni 1991.
Larven
lever på Passionsblomst, Passiflora
incarnata, Gul
Passionsblomst, P.
lutea og Vild Maracuja, P.
foetida.
|
Gulf Fritillary or Passion
Butterfly, Agraulis
vanillae maculosa (Stichel,
1908). |
Caranavi, Yungas, Bolivia 31
january 2008, and
Coroico 23 january 2007.
Photographer; Lars Andersen |
Juno Longwing, Dione
juno (Cramer, 1779). |
Coroico, Yungas, Bolivia 11
february 2006 and 26
january 2009. Photographer; Lars
Andersen |
Mariposas de Bolivia
Enero 2010
por Peter
Møllmann y Lars Andersen
Mariposas de Bolivia
Enero - Febrero 2009
por Peter Møllmann y Lars Andersen
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|